Lightening Agents:

Hexylresorcinol (0.5%) – an innovative new enzyme inhibitor that has just proven to be as efficacious in clinical studies as 2% hydroquinone. It is known to be safe and has been used for many years in oral products, on skin, and in food. However, the use of this form as a skin lightener is very new.

Arnica Montana Extract - an aromatic, herbaceous perennial that is commonly applied to bruises and wounds to reduce discoloration.

Mulberry Extract - works in synergy with arbutin to reduce the creation of melanin and dark spots.

Berberis Vulgaris Extract - an extract of the fresh root bark of the berberis, also refered to as barberry, that contains active substances called berberine alkaloids. Berberine can stimulate some immune system cells to function better, and has been found to exhibit antibacterial activity. Clinical testing has also suggested that Barberry aids in the treatment of psoriasis.

Azelaic Acid - is an anti-inflammatory that acts in synergy with arbutin to inhibit the production of tyrosinase.

Kojic Acid - C6H6O4 acts as an anti-oxidant and a skin lightener.

Lactokine Acid (Milk Protein)- is a network of activated and stabilized signaling molecules derived from milk which promote cell activity and thus vitalize the protective system of the skin while reducing melanin synthesis. Lactokine Fluid regenerates stressed and aging skin, prevents damage causing premature skin aging while enhancing even pigmentation.

Vitamin K - in a combination of 1% Vitamin K and 0.3% retinol in acrylates copolymer, hastens the reduction of laser induced purpura and reduces healing time from 7 - 9 days to 2 - 3 days.

Research:

Elson, M L: Topical Phytonadione (Vitamin K1) in the Treatment of Actinic and Traumatic Purpura, Cosmetic Dermatology, Volume 8, No.12, December 1995

Elson, M L: Treatment of Periorbital Hyperpigmentation with Topical Vitamin K / Vitamin A, Cosmetic Dermatology, December 1999

Lou W W, Quintana A T, Geronemus R G, Grossman M C: Effects of Topical Vitamin K on Laser-Induced Purpura on Nonlesional Skin, American Society for Dermatological Surgery, Inc, 25, 942-944, 1999